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Modello relazionale

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Scopo

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Pensato per separare modello logico da livello fisico

$%J+'(KL+_({0.284000, 0.692000, 0.297000, 1.000000}#@ OPQVYZ_{353.5, -1495.5}_$3836D672-F4AF-471D-9528-E39642D61927234R+S_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(T*+_({0.284000, 0.692000, 0.297000, 1.000000}X! _

Elevata astrazione

$%[+'(\L+_({0.284000, 0.692000, 0.297000, 1.000000} _`afij_{353.5, -1458.5}_$912152DB-10F8-4317-BC8A-FE0DAD7D13A5234b+c_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(d*+_({0.284000, 0.692000, 0.297000, 1.000000}h! _

Rappresentazione semplice e intuitiva

$%k+'(lL+_({0.284000, 0.692000, 0.297000, 1.000000}$%o+'(pq+_({0.284000, 0.692000, 0.297000, 1.000000}#@ tuv{~!^{221.5, -1279}_$27D9BC84-EB9A-4DB6-9178-87EF8922B278234w+x_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(y*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}}! _

Relazione

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Matematica

_{559.5, -1396.5}_$08AB8996-F03D-4904-8640-6B09785C4583234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}! _

da teoria degli insiemi

$%+'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}$%+'(L+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000} ^{381.5, -1310}_$8F85CF9E-97CF-457A-AE50-5C6DB255938D234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}! _

Modello relazionale

_{625.5, -1359.5}_$952FC3CF-5223-4A4E-A822-9A3D94498F2C234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}! _

Raggruppamento di attributi

$%+'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000} ^{625.5, -1310}_$38874EF4-177A-4186-A268-D0521BC118B9234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}! _

Ennuple ordinate di elementi

_{953.5, -1322.5}_$A7B9D91D-074A-477C-9D72-6DCFE04C438E234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Numero di elementi detto cardinalit</p>#@i$%+'(+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}#@$%+'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000} _{625.5, -1260.5}_$4AD801FE-FE5C-41BB-A864-751CEB526E13234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}! _

Non permessi elementi uguali

$%+'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}$%+'(L+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000} _{381.5, -1192.5}_$16674DAA-3A1B-45DB-A2EE-9DCE2BCC2CA5234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}! o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Fra entit</p>  _{538.5, -1223.5}_$9AE23806-D19A-4E55-90C2-C7FDC47F807D234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}! _

Associazione, correlazione

$% +'( *+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000} _{538.5, -1186.5}_$276B4283-D59F-44AA-8778-C53A802B4198234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}! _

Sottoinsieme del prodotto cartesiano fra n insiemi

$%+'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}$%+'(L+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}$%"+'(#q+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000} &'(-0_{221.5, -957.5}_$1AE0208A-265B-4E03-99EF-0CA54D434C0A234)+*_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(+*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}/! _

Struttura dati

1Ab 2349<=_{411.5, -1124.5}_$A014D126-07E8-4DF7-A62E-1E6FEB13367E2345+6_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(7*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000};! _

Tabellare

$%>+'(?L+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} BCDIL^_{411.5, -1087.5}_$9EFE9CB2-5ECC-4ADF-82F1-3E8F53DDBB1C234E+F_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(G*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}K! _

Colonne definiscono attributi

M NOPUYZ_{741.5, -1087.5}_$8200CF5A-AA46-45CC-8893-C56C2415D280234Q+R_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(S*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}WX_

Scambio di colonne cambia la struttura

#@x$%[+'(\*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}$%_+'(`L+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} cdejn_{411.5, -1019.5}_$606B8DFB-80A1-4B63-9A42-0C070D731986234f+g_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(h*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}lm_

Righe sono elementi di dati (tuple)

#@t`o pqrwz{_{799.5, -1050.5}_$C1F53693-8C01-4E8E-8710-26E0D1F07D4F234s+t_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(u*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}y! _

Insiemi ordinati di valori, uno per attributo dello schema

$%|+'(}*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} _{799.5, -988.5}_$5FE1C98D-DB71-4FB9-A42E-C36600443A76234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}_

Scambio di righe non modifica la relazione

#@z0$%+'(*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}$%+'(L+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} _{411.5, -889.5}_$0D64C0C7-80F8-4845-877A-1A32DA3EDD62234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}! _

Schema di relazione

 _{665.5, -951.5}_$B33FEC29-4D21-4511-937E-9A3502542443234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}! _

Definisce serie di attributi

$%+'(*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} _{665.5, -914.5}_$EAB7C95E-0A4E-4E63-AD5C-2F1E43B7084A234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}! o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Una relazione su uno schema R(X) un insieme r di tuple su X</p>$%+'(*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} _{665.5, -852.5}_$E9D6B978-2553-4EEB-B7A3-DD6AEE8DD902234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Una tupla t una istanza di una relazione r con la struttura definita da R</p>#@w$%+'(*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}$%+'(L+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} _{411.5, -790.5}_$6211DDBC-C013-4705-B694-9A4D90EC7F2B234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}! _

Base di dati

 _{590.5, -790.5}_$418915C4-0416-48D0-8F16-AA98E5B5641B234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Insieme di relazioni r1, ri & rn su schemi Ri(Xi)</p>#@|$%+'(*+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}$%+'(L+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}$%+'(q+_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} F]{221.5, -704}_$2A4A0190-5019-4E40-A0AA-83E2F7906658234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.411000, 0.371000, 1.000000}! _

Vantaggi

&6  "_{371.5, -753.5}_$E49775A3-E82C-4D62-9510-936ABFDF9BB7234 + _({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'( *+_({0.935000, 0.411000, 0.371000, 1.000000}! o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Si inseriscono solo valori significativi per l applicazione</p> ]{702.5, -741}_$D3AB2D2D-01A2-43FA-8A75-E892D8EFAC0C234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.411000, 0.371000, 1.000000}! _

Non ci sono puntatori

$%+'( *+_({0.935000, 0.411000, 0.371000, 1.000000}$%#+'($L+_({0.935000, 0.411000, 0.371000, 1.000000} '().12_{371.5, -691.5}_$B66F1801-4ABA-4714-95AE-EBFD6D792BFA234*++_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(,*+_({0.935000, 0.411000, 0.371000, 1.000000}0! o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Trasferimento pi semplice</p>$%3+'(4L+_({0.935000, 0.411000, 0.371000, 1.000000} 789>AB_{371.5, -654.5}_$E2E99960-9691-4DFB-8EFF-8573D611AD87234:+;_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(<*+_({0.935000, 0.411000, 0.371000, 1.000000}@! _

Indipendenza fisica dei dati

$%C+'(DL+_({0.935000, 0.411000, 0.371000, 1.000000}$%G+'(Hq+_({0.935000, 0.411000, 0.371000, 1.000000} KLMRU]{221.5, -321}_$84309BB9-F9D7-41FE-B6A1-D2C95B7411C3234N+O_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(P*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}T! _

Altre caratteristiche

Vw_ WXY^as_{466.5, -617.5}_$18F83875-BDB3-4978-9C50-B5E918179C49234Z+[_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(\*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}`! _

Valore nullo

b cdejno_{641.5, -617.5}_$0EFB8E73-5025-4C17-A60A-8282FE7EE165234f+g_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(h*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}lm_

Informazione sconosciuta o inesistente

#@w$%p+'(q*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}$%t+'(uL+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} xyz[]{466.5, -432}_$2350944A-F000-4816-87A3-068E32AA59D0234{+|_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(}*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}! o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Vincoli di integrit</p> _{696.5, -580.5}_$14CCDB8D-D3EE-4FA4-B503-17868C5C84F5234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}_

Non tutte le combinazioni di valori dei domini di una relazione sono accettabili

#@y$%+'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} _{696.5, -518.5}_$9F79FC10-81B9-40FE-8019-B94712FAE7EF234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Es. codice deve esistere in un altra relazione, es. un corso</p>#@s _{1075.5, -518.5}_$9BC3FC7C-8C4A-4D30-9EC8-C4F679539B3C234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Si, un esempio ricorsivo</p>#@d$%+'(+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}$%+'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} _{696.5, -456.5}_$79D38C1B-2981-433E-88F9-AE0D1AE2124F234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}_

Ogni istanza deve soddisfare tutti i vincoli

#@z $%+'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} W_{696.5, -351.5}_$32342B2F-464C-47F4-9770-A16F7BF770FB234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}! _

Tipi

7 3]{806.5, -370}_$400A6F6F-BCB7-4B83-9925-FB3F118B4663234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}! _

Intrarelazionale

 _{1012.5, -419.5}_$6A85610D-8FE2-4432-9F47-07FF1027D944234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}! _

Attributi della stessa relazione

$%+'(+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}#@ _{1012.5, -382.5}_$D3532F50-B65E-4717-AE00-AEE3D96418C1234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}! _

Vincoli di tupla

  _{1215.5, -382.5}_$7AEFA95F-C1DB-458E-A73C-5669C51B31C1234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Es. valore non pu superare una cifra</p>#@v`$% +'(  +_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}#?$%+'(+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} /^{1012.5, -333}_$0C271D6A-C1F8-488A-902E-77301484B269234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}! _

Identificazione

  !&*+_{1212.5, -345.5}_$AE059EF9-7ADE-48AC-A62F-9235F97A394A234"+#_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'($*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}()o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Es. una coppia di matricola, corso pu apparire una sola volta</p>#@u$%,+'(- +_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}$%0+'(1+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}$%4+'(5+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} 89:?BS_{806.5, -283.5}_$642438F4-9802-4F6B-AA0C-115DB0C49479234;+<_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(=*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}A! _

Interrelazionale

C DEFKNO_{1012.5, -283.5}_$48825E32-2EA7-4DDC-B387-CECD8FD97F4C234G+H_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(I*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}M! o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Pi relazioni coinvolte</p>$%P+'(Q+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}$%T+'(U+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}$%X+'(Y*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}$%\+'(]L+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} `abgj_{466.5, -172.5}_$3320FA12-6B90-4153-9278-2447E57195E4234c+d_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(e*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}i! _

Chiavi

k| lmnswx_{593.5, -246.5}_$96C72396-397D-4442-BE81-06622525092C234o+p_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(q*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}uv_

Insieme minimale di attributi che identificano le tuple

#@$%y+'(z*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} }~_{593.5, -209.5}_$5B2F8862-A32C-4146-B152-CE3FA177AB75234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}_

Superchiave se tutte tuple univocamente identificate

#@~$%+'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} _{593.5, -172.5}_$77CC1255-F1FF-49DA-8CD5-D0799404CDCF234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}_

Insieme di attributi sono chiave se sono superchiave minimale

#@$%+'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} _{593.5, -135.5}_$1274348F-254F-4A39-984B-BC0F98873725234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}_

Ogni relazione per definizione possiede una chiave

#@~$%+'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} ^{593.5, -98.5}_$EBF7D109-2922-4762-A3CC-CF089185DE82234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}_

Chiave primaria non contiene mai valori nulli

#@z$%+'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}$%+'(L+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} \{466.5, -43}_$C91DB896-C3D4-40D5-A7F3-BEDC22D06E22234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}! o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Vincoli integrit referenziali</p> ^{774.5, -61.5}_$58313BDE-6B7B-4315-B5F7-B6D3EEA1B9E5234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}! _

Foreign keys

$%+'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} ^{774.5, -24.5}_$41D9A682-A79F-46B5-8D5A-19D3E59E93E0234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}_

Necessari per corrispondenza fra relazioni

$%+'(*+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}$%+'(L+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}$%+'(q+_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000} \{221.5, 630}_$596FF654-440E-4EAF-B0E6-D6755393BB45234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

Algebra relazionale

$   ]{463.5, 12.5}_$DF690D43-700F-49EA-BB69-85B54350DB85234+ _({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'( *+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

Unione, intersezione, differenza

 ]{816.5, 12.5}_$9EE718B3-7FCA-45B4-A997-356D9DC07B02234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

Solo su relazioni uguali

$%+'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%!+'("L+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} %&',0\{463.5, 105}_$1FC894A0-1EEA-406B-82A9-3D28E4F86200234(+)_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(**+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}./_

Ridenominazione, selezione, proiezione

#@i 1Ar 2349<=]{726.5, 49.5}_$B9751BE8-3653-4923-8F3B-A32D3CFD93DF2345+6_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(7*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000};! _

Ridenominazione cambia nome attributo (colonna)

$%>+'(?*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} BCDIMn\{726.5, 130}_$34AFBEB8-D8AB-4672-9568-ED812B05D41B234E+F_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(G*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}KL_

Selezione prende determinate righe

#@uPN^ OPQVYZ_{1129.5, 111.5}_$F669F12B-D60C-4C41-857B-61C8D654ACFB234R+S_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(T*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}X! _

Condizione da verificare

$%[+'(\+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} _`afij_{1129.5, 148.5}_$7E750076-30E5-410D-B442-4C673AB1C058234b+c_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(d*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}h! _

Ritorna stessa relazione

$%k+'(l+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%o+'(p*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} stuz~^{726.5, 185.5}_$C69E2D3D-322C-4750-880A-13EF9FBFEC8D234v+w_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(x*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}|}_

Proiezione prende determinate colonne

#@w$%+'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%+'(L+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} ^{463.5, 574.5}_$5C17FABF-547F-4844-BC59-E378D74A876D234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

join

V ^{573.5, 222.5}_$F3E10522-DA40-4B81-80D4-5A3979E8096E234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Permette di correlare dati di pi relazioni</p>#@x0$%+'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} R\{573.5, 414}_$AAB70EE2-4B8E-4ADC-B9C9-84EC087A1481234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

Join naturale

B ^{761.5, 259.5}_$2C94B148-73A4-4809-890B-A4100C41C7F7234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

Correla dati di relazioni diverse

$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} ^{761.5, 296.5}_$7758CB0F-A93E-493F-BE26-B11CBDA5DD8F234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}_

Corrispondenza in operandi che hanno valori uguali in attributi comuni

#@vP$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} ^{761.5, 364.5}_$CE11DC01-C43B-4803-8180-E708F231B012234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Pu ridursi a join vuoto o prodotto cartesiano</p> _{1063.5, 358.5}_$FD378068-3838-4F98-A4C2-86A919D0052B234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

Attributi con valori tutti uguali

$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} _{1063.5, 395.5}_$33E74EDE-8077-4CA3-B89C-64FAA88E291D234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

Non ci sono attributi comuni

$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}   ^{761.5, 432.5}_$C6B5A0E2-0872-4627-92C8-55CCDAEB3DAA234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _

Completo se ogni tupla contribuisce almeno una volta al risultato

#@v$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} >\{761.5, 513}_$0876EF55-8051-48F6-A063-8425C5E30DFA234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! o<p style='color: rgba(54, 52, 46, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Propriet</p>.  !&)*^{915.5, 494.5}_$6B55868A-D5E3-4DA0-A5E8-778B3DBDFC89234"+#_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'($*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}(! _

Commutativo

$%++'(,+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} /0169:^{915.5, 531.5}_$A44E0274-64AD-4DAD-8AC0-BED62B580E852342+3_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(4*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}8! _

Associativo

$%;+'(<+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%?+'(@+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} CDEJMN^{761.5, 568.5}_$435A3A4F-45DA-4879-836A-FE5FB63AA8FE234F+G_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(H*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}L! _

Non include tuple dangling

$%O+'(P+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%S+'(T*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} WXY^a\{573.5, 661}_$BAB58772-01AE-4178-ABD8-C869F556DCE8234Z+[_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(\*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}`! _

Theta-join

bs cdejno^{735.5, 605.5}_$AFDE2A6B-B4C5-4A73-BC0B-2C744495BDD2234f+g_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(h*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}lm_

Espresso come prodotto cartesiano seguito da selezione

#@$%p+'(q+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} tuv{^{735.5, 642.5}_$30410584-0A19-4797-A837-296F56FD6900234w+x_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(y*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}}~_

Associazione fra attributi arbitrari non omonimi

#@{p$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} ^{735.5, 679.5}_$30A603C4-07EA-486A-A8D3-1F9C1EABD529234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}_

Condizioni arbitrarie, non solo uguaglianza

#@y$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} ^{735.5, 716.5}_$B1113928-7868-4973-B384-B482AE5386B4234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

Non include tuple dangling

$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%+'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} \{573.5, 840}_$A8CEEC4F-BCD4-4453-A88B-5DA1EF2EB95E234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

Join esterni

 ^{749.5, 753.5}_$EBDADFD3-49D1-4DEC-A46E-5C1B60606175234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}_

Considerano anche le tuple dangling

#@u$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} ^{749.5, 821.5}_$2CD78395-A023-41DD-90B0-773EC762E8E5234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

Join sinistro

 ^{928.5, 790.5}_$9ECBCE6F-3F33-4004-A7FA-C43E2DFA5CBA234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}_

Tutte le tuple a sinistra (r1 JOIN r2)

#@u $%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} ^{928.5, 827.5}_$A0FB6779-C19C-4256-B64B-A45C8EE5F66C234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

Eventualmente estese con tuple di destra (r2)

$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} ^{749.5, 889.5}_$E2205138-543F-468D-AACE-AD2222B41697234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

Join destro

$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}   ^{749.5, 926.5}_$6743BD5F-7514-40D2-B800-603BEF9AA8B7234 + _({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'( *+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

Join completo

$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%+'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%+'(L+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  !"'*_{463.5, 1105.5}_$3C00D9DC-DFD9-4530-A60C-99181E6AC377234#+$_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(%*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000})! _

Equivalenze

+;K\| ,-.367^{642.5, 963.5}_$38DE6EB5-7753-44EB-B1C4-F5AE0BA2EB4E234/+0_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(1*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}5! _

Atomizzazione selezioni

$%8+'(9*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} <=>CFG_{642.5, 1000.5}_$32EDE19F-104A-4202-92E4-AB3CFFAA31F6234?+@_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(A*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}E! _

Idempotenza proiezioni

$%H+'(I*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} LMNSWX_{642.5, 1037.5}_$6F3D9DC9-B66D-4D31-9CC3-C62285419D38234O+P_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(Q*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}UV_

Anticipazione della selezione rispetto al join

#@yp$%Y+'(Z*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} ]^_dgx_{642.5, 1074.5}_$7712626E-5E78-4A4C-A35E-7E8667184C78234`+a_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(b*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}f! _

Inglobamento selezione in prodotto cartesiano

h ijkpst]{954.5, 1087}_$0C073FFC-14F4-4EB6-A6E8-B4F9DFE16047234l+m_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(n*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}r! _

Theta-join

$%u+'(v+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%y+'(z*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} }~]{642.5, 1155}_$CA6C46B2-94F4-4A7E-B703-F872E6079C7D234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}_

Selezione distributiva rispetto a

#@r _{1001.5, 1136.5}_$8CCA5E65-6474-48B3-8880-F96766049BBB234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

unione

$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} _{1001.5, 1173.5}_$8D948963-F716-403F-9D36-0C78442CFA20234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}! _

differenza

$%+'(+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%+'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} _{642.5, 1210.5}_$E11768CC-EDCE-47D8-8176-8F52BDB49131234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}_

Proiezione distributiva rispetto a unione

#@v$%+'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} _{642.5, 1247.5}_$5486FFD3-E20D-4CCF-A2BA-7BB183EFB871234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}_

Join distributivo rispetto a unione

#@u$%+'(*+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%+'(L+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}$%+'(q+_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} ]{221.5, 1328}_$BFC3B147-B74A-4456-8D97-A5130690E247234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.284000, 0.692000, 0.297000, 1.000000}! _

Interrogazioni

 _{414.5, 1284.5}_$F099DBC9-53FD-46E3-9E0F-5FEF0DA1A2D0234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.284000, 0.692000, 0.297000, 1.000000}! _

Funzione applicata ad istanze di una base di dati

$%+'(L+_({0.284000, 0.692000, 0.297000, 1.000000} _{414.5, 1346.5}_$9CCF1506-BBC5-461A-88BA-06F98D7022B8234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.284000, 0.692000, 0.297000, 1.000000}! _

Produce una relazione su un insieme di attributi

$%+'(L+_({0.284000, 0.692000, 0.297000, 1.000000}$%+'(q+_({0.284000, 0.692000, 0.297000, 1.000000}   s]{221.5, 1495}_$35EE6EB9-CEC4-4EDD-BAB3-8F762710A5F6234 + _({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'( *+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}! _

Viste

#3 _{337.5, 1408.5}_$49020497-C767-4D09-B4E5-666470DD1194234+_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}! _

Schemi esterni

$% +'(!L+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000} $%&+./_{337.5, 1445.5}_$37735CAC-F5F4-4792-A212-19B70E47588E234'+(_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'()*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}-! _

Relazioni virtuali, derivate da query su relazioni esistenti

$%0+'(1L+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000} 456;>o_{337.5, 1544.5}_$CE9481D5-335A-4EE3-B731-FFB6F76496C82347+8_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(9*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}=! _

Utilizzabili per

?O_ @ABGJK_{531.5, 1507.5}_$D85AF947-CB37-4327-8B89-80CA4AEF8AB0234C+D_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(E*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}I! _

semplificare query

$%L+'(M*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000} PQRWZ[_{531.5, 1544.5}_$18B8E373-3D55-4022-93A8-5CD55C6A4A16234S+T_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(U*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}Y! _

dare privilegi

$%\+'(]*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000} `abgjk_{531.5, 1581.5}_$8CD88281-C21D-484A-AD41-567E98929B62234c+d_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(e*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}i! _

facile accesso

$%l+'(m*+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}$%p+'(qL+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}$%t+'(uq+_({0.210000, 0.733000, 0.695000, 1.000000}234x"y_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}'(z*+_({0.679000, 0.834000, 0.143000, 1.000000}|}~+ _NSHorizontallyCentered[NSFirstPage_NSVerticalPagination_NSHorizonalPaginationZNSLastPage]NSOrientation_NSVerticallyCentered_NSScalingFactor_NSPrintAllPages  !-9AJPZ ":CNuvbkmv FS]g{xJKXY+V_`+,9:6Ip}  ' ( I X  ' 4 _ ` m n  " 5 \ i xy-Tals>?LM01Ra?Lwx"+,5Bmn9:GH,-6Cno:;HIfk 67DE'(I\>?HU KLYZ  - T a !b!c!l!y!!!!"" "8"E"p"q"~"#"#%#F#Y########$$$$$$$%% %8%9%Z%m%%%%&&&&&&&&&'%'2']'j''''(d(e(n({(((()))9)F)q)r))*0*9*:*C*P*{*|******++%+P+]++++,0,7,X,j,,,,----------..(.O.\......0Q0R0[0h0000001&131^1_1l1m3 3333,3W3X3a3n3333344,494d4e4r4s555)5;5b5o5555557J7S7T7]7j77777777888;8I8p8}8888889}99999::#:N:O:\:];;<<<5>.>;>f>s>>>>???@@,@-@N@`@@@@@@AAAAAAAAABB,B-BNB\BBBBBBCCCCCCDD D8DEDpDqD~DEEE5EGEnE{EEEEEEFFFFFFFFFG&G'GHGVG}GGGGGGGI-I6IWIiIIIIJJJJJJJJKK0K1KRKdKKKKKKL L MMMMMMMN*N7NbNcNpNqOOOOOOOPPP;PijΙ12?@њҚۚ*UVw+,̜֜͜%PQrޝ$%ߞ"MZPYZcp̠+8cdqr(12;Hstˢأ;