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User Interface Design

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System users judge by interface rather than functionalities

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Human factors

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Limited short-term memory

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7-9 items remembered in an instant

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People make mistakes

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Inappropriate alarms increase stress and make more mistakes

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People are different

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design for range of capabilities

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Different interaction preferences

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UI Design

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Match skills and expectations

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Aware of physical and mental limitations

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Recognize that people make mistakes

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Principles

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User familiarity

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user-oriented terms

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letters, folders rather than directories and files...

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Consistency

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commands have same format...

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Minimal surprise

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Predict comparable commands

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Recoverability

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User guidance

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help systems...

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User diversity

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Less is more

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less important out of the way

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Customization

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more stuff for experts

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Anticipation

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hide inactive feats

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Real world mapping

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familiar layouts

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Transparency

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Do not cover up content

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Contiguity

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Explain graphics

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User control

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User has to know if sw awaiting input

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Understandable messages

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User-system interaction

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How information is exchanged?

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Coherent framework such as user interface metaphor

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Metaphors

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Help developing a mental model

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Should be obvious

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Components

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Windows

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Icons

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Menus, buttons

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Pointing

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Graphic elements

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Interaction

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Direct manipulation

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Feel in control, easy to learn

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Immediate feedback

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Difficult to derive information space

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Complex to program

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Menu selection

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General purpose

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Do not remember commands

%&2,()3+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} 678=@A_{574.12599999999998, 462.5}_$A7A453CC-928E-4C90-BF44-7FE82C08C4ED3459,:_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}();+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} ?" _

Errors are trapped by UI

%&B,()C+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} FGHMPQ_{574.12599999999998, 499.5}_$2F548F1D-BAD0-4A1A-ABED-87F7C0265325345I,J_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()K+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} O" _

No logical conjunction

%&R,()S+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} VWX]`a_{574.12599999999998, 536.5}_$1A5CFE19-9C5A-4BAD-9204-61E69EF01357345Y,Z_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()[+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} _" _

Best for few choices

%&b,()c+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} fghmpq_{574.12599999999998, 573.5}_$1C9D82B1-8313-44E9-8205-8A56694F03C7345i,j_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()k+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} o" _

Slower for experienced users

%&r,()s+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}%&v,()wN,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} z{|_{365.12599999999998, 647.5}_$810E2FBA-251F-4F90-A95D-08B86DBC748A345},~_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} " _

Form fill-in

 _{530.12599999999998, 610.5}_$39B74B34-A28F-4966-81E9-151F4B8F4300345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} " _

Simple entry and validation

%&,()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} _{530.12599999999998, 647.5}_$F74BD733-6B17-496E-8F61-C43C62346626345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} " _

Easy to learn

%&,()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} _{530.12599999999998, 684.5}_$99E2C5A3-CD25-4F06-950D-03BF704AFFF8345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} " _

Takes a lot of screen space

%&,()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}%&,()N,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} 5_{365.12599999999998, 832.5}_$AF82966B-BEAB-4568-A8AE-30178AABB441345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} " _

Command language

% _{622.12599999999998, 721.5}_$AE7D4F5A-EDBC-4BD2-8C35-0A3A233CDFB5345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} " _

OS, control systems (like bash)

%&,()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} _{622.12599999999998, 758.5}_$426B8B5D-825D-48D5-8A2A-A88872534363345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} " _

Cheap terminals

%&,()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} _{622.12599999999998, 795.5}_$AD576F35-70AE-4628-AD80-4C9DD3543100345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} " _

Easy to process

%&,()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} _{622.12599999999998, 832.5}_$909A9185-E5F2-4430-BA52-F6F3BC900239345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} " _

Composition of commands

%&,()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}  _{622.12599999999998, 869.5}_$47BBD0E9-C906-4FC7-928F-38CD637BA566345 , _({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}() +,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} " _

Have to learn and remember

%&,()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}  !_{622.12599999999998, 906.5}_$34541C0F-3C14-47C7-9BC9-15DC135C76E1345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} " _

Error detection more required

%&",()#+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} &'(-01_{622.12599999999998, 943.5}_$30FACD94-AE01-4359-B7FB-CA7290C67385345),*_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()++,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} /" _

Typing ability required

%&2,()3+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}%&6,()7N,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} :;<AD_{365.12599999999998, 1048.5}_$C4D5688E-2264-45BE-8895-F95497426208345=,>_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()?+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} C" _

Natural language

EUeu FGHMPQ_{590.12599999999998, 980.5}_$914DEF51-1D4E-40D4-AB29-1B3A13C1F56E345I,J_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()K+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} O" _

Information retriaval (not SQL)

%&R,()S+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} VWX]`a_{590.12599999999998, 1017.5}_$BC043FE1-497B-4B81-9A49-13527991D680345Y,Z_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()[+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} _" _

Casual users

%&b,()c+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} fghmpq_{590.12599999999998, 1054.5}_$349501CF-14DE-4E69-AA2F-0DC046B7015C345i,j_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()k+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} o" _

Extendible

%&r,()s+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} vwx}_{590.12599999999998, 1091.5}_$9224B8CF-A669-4171-8CEC-BAE12EBA6FF0345y,z_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}(){+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000} " _

Specific domains, processing technology still not enough

%&,()+,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}%&,()N,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}%&,()S,_({0.148000, 0.610000, 0.733000, 1.000000}  _{-370.87400000000002, 351.5}_$D3F0BD2B-CE97-486D-8411-11CEFCBCCD30345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Information presentation

]u  _{-818.87400000000002, -340}_$764EACE0-F99D-4BD7-9FFC-EA890C7B075E345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} _

Presented directly or in graphical form

#@x %&,()N,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _{-957.87400000000002, -303}_$F2FB95C5-E3B8-41C7-B3C4-5AE49050DBA0345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} _

MVC approach supports multiple presentations of data

#@h%&,()N,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _{-533.87400000000002, -179.5}_$0CA9F9E6-B9EC-4FF3-AFE1-71AF3F02012E345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Questions

  _{-789.87400000000002, -266}_$096AD29E-9548-4EF0-A1BF-E22222E6756F345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Precise information?

%&,()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _{-823.87400000000002, -229}_$C889A729-43F6-478B-A06A-EDB1B2FBF154345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Evaluation time? Quick?

%&,()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _{-871.87400000000002, -192}_$1AE48014-47E8-46D2-90DC-918B856D9573345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Must the user take actions in response to change?

%&,()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _{-907.87400000000002, -130}_$CB0C4360-0135-4006-B993-5089F81870C6345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} _

Direct manipulation of interface?

#@s%&,()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}    _{-810.87400000000002, -93}_$A7672004-A848-47F4-8278-B0EA49A63432345 , _({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Format of information?

%&,()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}%&,()N,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  $'_{-540.87400000000002, 18}_$416B6EFD-EFD0-4531-AE86-1419D472694A345 ,!_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()"+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  &" _

Data types

(X )*+ 03T_{-667.87400000000002, -37.5}_$F7937679-6CCD-42F3-8A05-FA765DF9B586345,,-_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}().+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  2" _

Digital

4D 567 <?@_{-806.87400000000002, -56}_$664888BF-3D78-4DE1-8F5F-9A95843CC9213458,9_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}():+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  >" _

Precise

%&A,()B;,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} EFG LOP_{-837.87400000000002, -19}_$E6AA0ADA-DB49-4C0D-8E39-35BC39265DB5345H,I_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()J+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  N" _

numbers...

%&Q,()R;,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}%&U,()V+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} YZ[ `c_{-697.87400000000002, 55}_$47D1F894-C788-4E69-833E-28BA2733E841345\,]_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()^+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  b" _

Analogue

dt efg lop_{-853.87400000000002, 18}_$138556B4-4CE3-4D0B-8BCA-822427C389A6345h,i_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()j+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  n" o<p style='color: rgba(69, 67, 60, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; text-align: left; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>graphs &</p>%&q,()r;,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} uvw |_{-957.87400000000002, 55}_$11F467C8-A6B3-4B29-9410-268C41F51F38345x,y_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()z+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  ~" _

Easier to understand

%&,();,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _{-959.87400000000002, 92}_$EBE3A635-5B90-49AA-AF53-AF6165663FE2345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

See important values

%&,();,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}%&,()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}%&,()N,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  Y_{-491.87400000000002, 277}_$8D4BC66E-60A9-40E4-B88B-FFA1C8CAC8EE345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Color

  _{-815.87400000000002, 129}_$6DC8C5B2-3C2C-4F40-9372-F17BA92E33CF345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Extra dimension to interface

%&,()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _{-816.87400000000002, 166}_$46B33FF1-0A46-41EF-BEFD-C292B8BAEF1A345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Highlight exceptional events

%&,()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _{-625.87400000000002, 221.5}_$38A88E8A-0357-449F-85E2-08ACC1AFF574345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Do not

  _{-966.87400000000002, 203}_$AC29A3E2-65B6-4DFC-A907-07B22C2D3F98345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

use to communicate meaning

%&,();,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _{-775.87400000000002, 240}_$F149E8D6-EBD5-484C-915D-09A4ABC68273345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

over-use

%&,();,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}%&,()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  U_{-657.87400000000002, 351}_$2C4B3336-258E-46C6-8F62-06627BCF69F7345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Guidelines

%5E   _{-964.87400000000002, 277}_$01F847CF-56EF-45F7-A637-E13DB6ACD52A345, _({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}() +,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Limit use, be conservative

%&,();,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}   !_{-1048.874, 314}_$B504E205-EA20-45E9-8EDF-E0D60AAC00B0345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} _

Use color change to show status

#@t%&",()#;,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} &'( -01_{-989.87400000000002, 351}_$FBA242D3-1842-4E4C-B122-2BDA86BD7720345),*_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()++,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  /" _

Color coding to support task

%&2,()3;,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} 678 =@A_{-840.87400000000002, 388}_$4CA27DDD-F8E8-4EA4-A007-28E4CBCEF5FB3459,:_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}();+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  ?" _

Consistency

%&B,()C;,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} FGH MPQ_{-927.87400000000002, 425}_$2C2F9704-4863-4B40-B9ED-15530D905C9E345I,J_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()K+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  O" _

Careful about pairings

%&R,()S;,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}%&V,()W+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}%&Z,()[N,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} ^_` ehq_{-584.87400000000002, 635}_$CC229475-334D-4BA7-BC3C-825EE26678A6345a,b_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()c+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  g" _

Error messages

iy jkl qtu_{-852.87400000000002, 462}_$126505F9-948E-42D5-985A-24C706108025345m,n_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()o+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  s" _

Presentation is critical

%&v,()w+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} z{| _{-1023.874, 499}_$90F6E523-3349-47A1-98A3-3B02E87C2E6E345},~_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} _

Polite, concise, consistent, constructive

#@w%&,()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _{-998.87400000000002, 536}_$44478AA8-A5DD-4D4E-A9E0-EA27D07D18F0345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} _

Design according to user background

#@v%&,()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  m_{-750.87400000000002, 690.5}_$8BCA9AB6-4D73-4922-9212-7A90170C2342345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Guidelines

L  _{-1072.874, 585.5}_$80B28103-16E1-40F2-8E8F-0F549A82739C345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Reflect current user context

  _{-1427.874, 573}_$387BB500-C982-48A4-8A54-02F0FA06A75B345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

system aware of what the user is doing

%&,(),_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}#@%&,();,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _{-922.87400000000002, 666}_$1400F43C-627B-4821-A5F5-291DB052D92C345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Experience

  _{-1406.874, 635}_$0363CC14-D0F8-48E8-A8F2-888C6FCFE916345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} _

As the user becomes experienced, long messages become irritating

#@z`%&,(),_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _{-1479.874, 697}_$58DBE794-7605-4D14-8D84-8B955A74B3B8345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} _

Beginners find difficult to understand short messages

#@~%&,(),_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}%&,();,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  _{-903.87400000000002, 734}_$4376A31B-F0A8-4F9F-BE36-E49E9BD2C306345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Skill level

  _{-1299.874, 734}_$BD566B45-BCD6-4B51-9A8D-CA1E073B799E345 , _({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}() +,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} o<p style='color: rgba(69, 67, 60, 1.000000); font: 21px "Helvetica Neue"; text-align: left; -cocoa-font-postscriptname: "HelveticaNeue-Light"; '>Messages tailored to user s skills</p>#@t%&,(),_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}%&,();,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  #&H_{-866.87400000000002, 771}_$C678DA82-2FEE-4464-B4FB-BF2D55E4D16F345, _({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()!+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  %" _

Style

' ()* /2D_{-1106.874, 771}_$3657C456-9563-4401-AC8A-042E2CF8D2FF345+,,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()-+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  1" _

Positive messages

3 456 ;>?_{-1390.874, 771}_$5605A1BD-C2D3-419E-98D4-CB382A061F683457,8_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()9+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  =" _

active mode of address

%&@,()AB,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}#?%&E,()F,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}%&I,()J;,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} MNO TWi_{-887.87400000000002, 808}_$518C98E8-A376-4067-854B-64DD62475274345P,Q_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()R+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  V" _

Culture

X YZ[ `de_{-1478.874, 808}_$B3FD26A1-8678-4627-A336-FCD1799FC02D345\,]_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()^+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000} bc_

Familiar with culture of country where the system is sold

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Help system

  _{-863.87400000000002, 845}_$BDA2670F-261A-4465-8290-9D6D78EAD314345,_({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}()+,_({1.000000, 0.899000, 0.167000, 1.000000}  " _

Not just an on-line manual

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People have difficulties at reading on screens

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Multiple entry points

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Indication of where the user is positioned in the help system

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Navigation system

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Design Process

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Analyze user activities

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Produce prototype model

      _{-817.87400000000002, -525}_$DB317A6E-3491-42FA-962A-FE66EC23E048345 , _({1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000, 1.000000}() +,_({0.935000, 0.652000, 0.000000, 1.000000}  " _

Design, evaluate

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Paper or prototyping apps

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Dynamic design prototype

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Executable

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Evaluate with users

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Implement final UI

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UI Evaluation

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Assess suitability

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Evaluate against usability specification

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Specifications are rare however

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Parameters

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Learnability

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How long does it take to become productive?

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Speed of operation

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Robustness

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Tolerance to user errors

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Recoverability

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Recover from user errors

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Adaptability

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Closely tied to single model of work

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Techniques

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Expert reviews

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User feedback

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Video recordings

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Code to collect info

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